An MSB embedding approach to data integrity protection in a ubiquitous environment

Verifying data integrity in a ubiquitous environment is challenging due to its features such as self-organised, data-centric, and dynamic topology control. In this paper, a method for protecting data integrity is present by inserting and extracting digital watermarking information into and from most significant bits (MSBs) of original data. The method has been implemented in a real ubiquitous environment, where 50 wireless ZigBee nodes were deployed and communicated using the MSB embedding method. Compared to other data integrity verification approaches, this method generates less traffic and more embedding capacity.