Technology comparison for large last-level caches (L3Cs): Low-leakage SRAM, low write-energy STT-RAM, and refresh-optimized eDRAM

Large last-level caches (L
³
Cs) are frequently used to bridge the performance and power gap between processor and memory. Although traditional processors implement caches as SRAMs, technologies such as STT-RAM (MRAM), and eDRAM have been used and/or considered for the implementation of L
³
Cs. Each of these technologies has inherent weaknesses: SRAM is relatively low density and has high leakage current; STT-RAM has high write latency and write energy consumption; and eDRAM requires refresh operations. As future processors are expected to have larger last-level caches, the goal of this paper is to study the trade-offs associated with using each of these technologies to implement L
³
Cs. In order to make useful comparisons between SRAM, STTRAM, and eDRAM L
³
Cs, we model them in detail and apply low power techniques to each of these technologies to address their respective weaknesses. We optimize SRAM for low leakage and optimize STT-RAM for low write energy. Moreover, we classify eDRAM refresh-reduction schemes into two categories and demonstrate the effectiveness of using dead-line prediction to eliminate unnecessary refreshes. A comparison of these technologies through full-system simulation shows that the proposed refresh-reduction method makes eDRAM a viable, energy-efficient technology for implementing L
³
Cs.