Anisotropic electrical conductivity of tissues at RF frequencies

Most anatomical structures, especially vessels, are complex combinations of tissues with differing properties. In an electric field sense, tissues and their constituents are approximately linear but certainly are neither homogeneous nor isotropic. The authors have measured the anisotropic electrical conductivity of cardiac muscle, arteries and veins and of the vessel constituents collagen and elastin over the range of electrosurgical frequencies: 10 kHz to 10 MHz.