Cryogenic sapphire microwave oscillators for space, metrology and scientific applications

We recently demonstrated a Cryogenic Sapphire Oscillator (CSO) presenting a short term frequency stability better than 3 × 10
⁻¹⁵
for 1 s≤ τ < 1000 s and achieving 4.5 × 10
⁻¹⁵
for one day integration. This CSO incorporates a pulse-tube cooler instead of a bath cryostat-thus eliminating the need for regular supplies and manual transferring of liquid helium. The advent of reliable and cryocooled CSO open the possibility to implement such an ultra-stable reference not only in metrological laboratories with liquid helium facilities but also in remote sites like base stations for space navigation, VBLI antenna sites, …