Batteries Need Electronics

Energy-storage systems are critical elements of many products from consumer electronics to advanced electric drive vehicles. However, battery electronics and management systems are needed for proper operation of these energy storage systems with batteries. In this article, the BMS functions have been presented, and the design considerations have been reviewed. Three typical applications-cell phones, laptop computers, and hybrid EVs-have been explained in detail. For each application, a typical hardware topology has been explained, followed by a discussion on the corresponding functions and control strategies.