Design optimizations for reduced power and higher operating frequency in a custom x86-64 processor core

This paper describes the methodology and tools used to drive static and dynamic power savings while significantly improving the operating frequency of a 45 nm custom x86-64 processor core used in several multi-core devices. The power improvements were essential for future six-, eight-, and twelve-core server processors, but notable improvements have already been observed in the four-core, 2.7-GHz server product and the four-core, 3.0-GHz client product.