Paths to terahertz CMOS integrated circuits

A 140-GHz fundamental mode VCO in 90-nm CMOS and a 410-GHz push-push VCO in 45-nm CMOS, and a 125-GHz Schottky diode frequency doubler, a 50-GHz phase locked loop with a frequency doubled output at 100 GHz, a 180-GHz Schottky diode detector and a 700-GHz plasma wave detector in 130-nm CMOS have been demonstrated. Based on these, paths to terahertz CMOS circuits are suggested.