Protect yourself - Intergrated protection and control sytems with continuous self-testing

Microprocessor relays are fundamentally different from protective relay technologies used in the past. Many paradigms that drove designs in the past are no longer valid. This article describes many design concepts that can be used to improve the performance, reliability, robustness, and fault tolerance of protection and control systems. The design concepts that are presented in this article are based upon experience gained in designing and commissioning many fully integrated protection and control systems currently in the field.