A fully integrated CMOS sensor system for chronocoulometry

In this paper, a monolithically integrated electrochemical sensor system based on a CMOS chip is presented, which allows to per-form microminiaturized chronocoulometric analyses on chip with high sensitivity and large bandwidth. The chip is based on a standard 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS technology extended by gold electrodes on the chip's surface. A possible exploration of this approach is the realization of electrochemical sensors, e.g. electronic DNA arrays, for the analysis of liquids.