Public Policy Challenges, Regulations, Oversight, Technical, and Ethical Considerations for Autonomous Systems: A Survey

One of the main features of autonomous control systems is solving complicated optimization problems without human intervention in the presence of uncertainty in real time
[1]
. Autonomous systems (ASs) must have the recognition and discretion potency, evaluation and estimate authority, and decision-making power to independently perform various tasks in a dynamic environment
[3]
. These systems have a variety of sensors to understand environmental information so that they can distinguish, evaluate, and make decisions based on them
[2]
. In addition to an autonomous single-agent system, the AS can be designed in the form of multiagents to identify high-risk, hazardous, or inaccessible areas
[3]
,
[4]
. Robotics and AS fields have led to significant advances in a wide range of areas, including unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned maritime vehicles (UMVs), artificial intelligence (AI), and self-learning machines
[5]
. Navigation
[6]
,
[7]
, 3-D path following
[8]
for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), AUVs for oceanographic research
[9]
, and rescue robots
[10]
have benefited from the development of autonomy.