Near-Field Spatial Correlation for Extremely Large-Scale Array Communications

Extremely large-scale array (XL-array) communications correspond to systems whose antenna sizes are so large that the scatterers and/or users may no longer be located in the far-field region. By discarding the conventional far-field uniform plane wave (UPW) assumption, this letter studies the near-field spatial correlation of XL-array communications, by taking into account the more generic non-uniform spherical wave (NUSW) characteristics. It is revealed that different from the far-field channel spatial correlation which only depends on the
power angular spectrum
(PAS), the near-field spatial correlation depends on the scattered power distribution not just characterized by their arriving angles, but also by the scatterers’ distances, which is termed as
power location spectrum
(PLS). A novel integral expression is derived for the near-field spatial correlation in terms of the scatterers’ location distribution, which includes the far-field spatial correlation as a special case. The result shows that different from the far-field case, the near-field spatial correlation no longer exhibits
spatial stationarity
in general, since the correlation coefficient for each pair of antennas depends on their specific positions, rather than their relative distance only. To gain further insights, we consider a generalized one-ring model for scatterer distribution, where the ring center may be flexibly located. Numerical results are provided to show the necessity of the near-field spatial correlation modelling for XL-array communications.