Doppler Spectrum for Sea Surface Motion in an Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network

This article aims to derive the analytical expressions for the Doppler spectrum and Doppler shift at the receiver for the signal reflected from a moving undulating surface. The sea surface is represented using the sum of sinusoids and modeled using the Pierson–Moskovitz wave spectrum. The spectrum for each reflected path is observed to be a function of the slope of the sea surface around the scattering point and scatterer location. The derived expression for the Doppler shift is general and can be used to design an optimized system to enable Doppler compensation at the receiver.