Feasibility Study and Deployment of Solar Photovoltaic System to Enhance Energy Economics of King Abdullah Campus, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Muzaffarabad, AJK Pakistan

As non-renewable energy sources become depleted, the world is transitioning toward renewable energy sources (RERs), which entail several significant advantages, including cost savings, large-scale availability, and minimal losses. Pakistan is sixth among the countries most affected by global warming and abrupt climatic changes. Severe floods, catastrophic rains, and wind gusts have created new challenges in the country regarding resilient and reliable power supply. Due to harsh weather conditions, the power shut down, blackouts, and prolonged fault in the transmission systems are common and cause millions of dollars in economic losses annually. The main challenge of providing a reliable power supply while satisfying the climatic conditions to use renewable energy resources has a global significance. This article aims to develop a hybrid power network (PV/Battery/Grid) for King Abdullah Campus, The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan. The results for the proposed system are compared with the existing system while they are supplying the same power to the load. The cost of energy (COE) from the existing on- grid Hybrid system is Rs.27.32/kWh. It can be seen that energy cost is minimized by up to Rs.0.251/kWh by the effective use of solar energy. Optimization results conclude that the on- grid hybrid (PV/Battery/Convertor/Grid) is more efficient than all other configurations. Therefore, it is concluded that the proposed hybrid power system for grid-connected sites is most efficient, stable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. The ultimate goal was to design an economically feasible hybrid power system and analyze the techno-socio impacts of the PV hybrid system for the campus. Data were initially collected for the desired site and then simulated via the HOMER simulation tool, which determined the net load and feasibility of the proposed system. This techno-economic analysis of the PV hybrid system will enhance the utilization of solar power in other educational or commercial facilities in the region may follow the path in the future.


I. INTRODUCTION
A. GENERAL Electricity has become an essential parameter for the socioeconomic development of the country. Due to technological The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Amedeo Andreotti . and economic development, developing countries like Pakistan need more energy than they can produce to meet the growing energy demand. Consequently, these countries are facing energy shortages, and they need economical solutions to meet the energy deficit. Our planet's fossil fuel reserves are declining [1] day by day. This was considered inevitable at the turn of the century, and when that happened, electrical tools around the world would begin to rely on renewable energy resources (RERs) [2]. Research is seriously concerned with exploring the potential for renewable energy generation in each area, as it may help develop trends in the utilization of such resources in a given area [3]- [5]. Pakistan could be an area where researchers can explore renewable energy potential and its political aspects [6]- [8].
Although there are alternatives to RERs, if changes are to be significant, research should focus on eliminating such variations [9]. As a result, renewable energy is increasing the share of the energy production services market, and hence the distribution production system [10]- [13]. It encourages the usage of renewable energy (RE) with various hybrid energy configurations and energy storage technologies [14], [15]. The solar photovoltaic (PV) system is thought to be the most acceptable solution of energy than the other RERs [16]. The PV system is primarily centered on energy-saving and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission-reduction strategies.
Being a poor and densely populated country, Pakistan needs a consistent source of energy to keep its growth on track and offer a decent standard of living for its population [17], [18]. In contrast, the state cannot meet its primary energy needs and is experiencing a power crisis. The power sector is one of the sectors that have affected far more energy shortfall. Outages cover the difference between load and demand, and the nation is sometimes plunged into darkness for more than 12-14 hours every day [19], [20]. This situation which the country is experiencing did not happen suddenly. The main reason for this disaster may be traced back to years of mishandling, bad planning, and incompetence [21], [22].
The United Nations' new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call for efforts that combine environmental protection with economic growth. The capacity of renewable energy to alleviate the effects of Carbon dioxide emission on socioeconomic development in thirty-one transitional markets is investigated in this study [23]- [26]. The findings back up the following claims: (i) Emissions of carbon dioxide have unmistakably negative repercussions for economic growth and human prosperity, and (ii) the overall implications of the interaction of sustainable energy and CO2 emissions on human socioeconomic development [27]- [31]. The government now confronts enormous challenges in guaranteeing its future energy sources. In these circumstances, attempts to investigate renewable energy sources to satisfy the government's deficit scenario have been stepped up.
Furthermore, all renewable energy sources, including photovoltaic (PV), biogas, wind, electricity, bioenergy from waste, and small and micro-hydropower, have tremendous potential in Pakistan. Pakistan, likewise, has solar irradiation of 5.5 Wh/m 2 per day with an average annual sunshine duration of 8-10 hours. Winds of 5-7 meters per second continue to blow near the coasts of Baluchistan and Sindh provinces, with the potential of creating more than 20,000 MW of economically viable wind power [32]- [34]. Renewable energy is becoming more popular worldwide, but Pakistan is still lagging in utilizing these abundant resources [35]- [38].
The waste heat to electricity company continues to have the capacity to generate large amounts of smooth strength in Pakistan, allowing it to overcome Pakistan's power deficiencies [39]- [41]. Researchers may be able to examine the potential of RE and its socio-economic implications in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Solar power is one of the clean energy sources that does not harm the environment or contribute to global warming. Pakistan's estimated capacity is 1,600 GW per year, forty times greater than the projected energy generation potential [42].
Global warming has caused a significant rise in the temperature over the years that has changed the climatic conditions of the entire world. The climatic changes have brought new challenges in the shape of heavy rains, flooding, and heavy cyclones generally in the entire world and, more specifically, the countries most vulnerable to abrupt climatic changes.
On the other hand, to deal with global warming, swift mobility towards renewable power generation is the top priority at the global level. Thus, a global research question among the research community is how to make the power system more resilient and reliable while utilizing the renewable energy resources under the prolonged and harsh weather conditions that cause faults and blackouts.
Pakistan is at the sixth spot among the countries that are affected by global warming and abrupt climatic conditions. Severe floods, catastrophic rains and wind gusts have created new challenges in the country in terms of resilient and reliable power supply. Due to harsh weather conditions, the power shut down, blackouts, and prolonged fault in the transmission systems are common that cause millions of dollars in economic loss to the country annually. The local challenge of providing a reliable power supply while satisfying the climatic conditions to use renewable energy resources has a global significance.
This research article is aimed at developing a resilient hybrid power system using renewable energy resources to address the local challenge of reliable and resilient power systems that provide power under the prevailing weather conditions and to reduce the blackouts and prolonged faults which badly affect ongoing lab experiments and equipment, besides routine administrative and academic work of the King Abdullah Campus (KAC), University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir (UAJ&K).

B. RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION
This article explores the problem of lack of resilience in the hybrid power system using BSS systems PV, and diesel generator with the ultimate impact of mitigation in brownouts and power cuts in the AJK area of Pakistan. The case study particularly focuses on King Abdullah Campus at UAJ&K for this exploratory research. Hybrid power systems are considered a panacea for solving the problems of power shortages the world over, specifically in context of developing countries VOLUME 10, 2022 where power systems are not resilient enough. In this backdrop the power quality and economics of the system development takes center stage in addition to the system sizing and optimal operation. The main goal, thus, is to design a system which is economically feasible and then analyse the sociotechnical impact of the hybrid system on the community. This is done through a comparison of the current system with the proposed hybrid system. The proposed system is illustrated in Figure 1. The mix of social, economic, and technical system incorporates the following factors: PV hybrid system will alleviate the problem of power shortage hence facilitating the uninterrupted power supply for teaching, administration, and experimental activities at the campus. Since this technology is relatively unproven in AJK region, this research also provides additional real-world performance optimization for PV hybrid system and provides a guideline on energy-efficient, sustainable, and cost-effective design of PV for other educational or commercial facilities in the region, thereby providing a pathway to greater utilization of this technology. Determine the environmental and socio-economic impacts of solar power. The viable model design is established by extensive analysis in terms of cost reduction with low emissions. The proposed PV hybrid system is designed via simulation tool HOMER microgrid. HOMER software is used for design optimization of microgrids in remote sites, islands, grid-connected sites, and isolated voltage. HOMER defines the quantity and suitable size and quantity of components for designing a power system. It is not easy to decide on the most suitable energy resources and their availability and cost variation. HOMER makes it easy to calculate the best possible system configuration by optimization and sensitivity analysis.

II. SITE DESCRIPTION
The study area here is King Abdullah Campus, The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, located in Muzaffarabad, Pakistan, which contains a hilly and plane area. There are two main types of sites: grid and off-grid site. The region where electricity from a grid source does not exist is called an offgrid site, and the area where electricity is available is called on grid site. Muzaffarabad is the capital of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, where off-grid and on-grid systems are under consideration. Latitude and Longitude of Muzaffarabad are 34N and 73E separately with time zone (UTC+05.00) Islamabad, and figure 2 portrays the area of the local destinations.

A. OBJECTIVES
Pakistan is facing acute energy crises for the last two decades, which have become a bottleneck for the industrial, commercial, domestic, and educational sectors. In this scenario, sustainable and clean energy supply such as solar PV is a promising technology considering Pakistan's abundant solar potential. However, system sizing and performance optimization of the PV hybrid systems for Pakistan's conditions are very important in terms of economics and power quality. Hence, the ultimate goal is to design an economically feasible PV hybrid system and analyze its techno-socio impacts for King Abdullah Campus, The University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan.

B. AVAILABILITY OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES
After the estimation of load, accessibility of RERs is examined for King Abdullah Campus, The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Muzaffarabad, Pakistan. There are many sources of energy, present at the site but it is most suitable for solar energy. All other sources are seasonal but solar energy present all over the year. However, after analyzing all the results we come to know solar is best source.

C. SOLAR RESOURCES
NASA's data on solar irradiation for the required area is used for the whole year. Data has been obtained from (July 1983-June 2005. HOMER obtains all the necessary data from NASA's website. Global horizontal irradiance, clearance index, and temperature are the three primary components of solar radiation data. Figure 3 shows the monthly average worldwide horizontal irradiance as well as the clearing index. The monthly average PV radiation and clearness index are shown in Table 1. According to Table 1, the minimum amount of solar radiation in January is 2.95KWh/m2, while the highest value is 7.460 kWh/m2 in June. The annual average solar irradiation is 5.08 kWh/m2, making it excellent for PV system design. The clearness index, which measures the proportion of sun rays that reach the earth's surface, has been used to measure the atmosphere's clarity. The solar index has a lower value on overcast days than bright days. Solar energy utilization is possible, as shown in Figure 3 of the clearness rating. Figure 4 shows that the average temperature for June is relatively high, but the average temperature for the winter season is relatively low.  The average monthly temperature at King Abdullah Campus (KCA), UAJ&K Muzaffarabad, Pakistan, ranges from 5 • C to 27 • C, as seen in the graph below. The highest temperature is in June, the lowest in January, and the annual average temperature is 16.96 degrees Celsius.

D. INITIAL ASSESMENT
According to proper functioning, efficiency, and cost scenario, initial assessments for the power system are checked. The building is connected to a grid, and during load shedding special generator of 220KW is used. So that generator has a huge running and maintenance cost. The generator also emits a huge amount of polluted gases that are not environmental friendly. We have to take such a step that can reduce the cost of power generation and be reliable enough to run a load of Building during Load shedding.
HOMER determines various types of costs associated with the project such as capital cost (CC), replacement cost (RC), net present cost (NPC), cost of electricity (COE), operation & maintenance cost (OMC), and salvage value (SV). The economic feasibility of the proposed model can be evaluated with the help of these costs. The NPC of the system can be formulated as follows in equation (1).

E. INITIAL CAPITAL COST
The total cost of all the components, including their installation cost, is called the system's capital cost. For a Hybrid power system, capital cost includes all the features of PV solar cell, Diesel engine, batteries, and initial convertor cost.

F. OPERATING COST
The operational cost is the expense that is essential for the overall running of a power system. It is also known as the operating cost. Different power systems have varied operational expenses depending on the active principles and practices. Compared to diesel and thermal power facilities, hydro and nuclear power systems offer lower operating costs. Similarly, all the infinite sources like sun-based, wind, etc.
have low operational costs. Those resources having low operational cost are mostly preferred for energy production.
Net present cost offers the main role in the cost calculation of a system. HOMER offers a high rank to NPC amongst the other cost standards. Overall, cost calculation can be tested by NPC. HOMER includes all types of costs for calculating NPC like functional cost, installation cost, replacement cost, maintenance cost, emission punishments, and energy cost throughout the task's life. NPC value should be small for a cost economic system, and if the value of the NPC is high, then it shows the system is uneconomical. The total NPC in a year is called the total annual cost. It is expressed as: where i is represented the real discount rate, N is represented as the number of years in the project lifespan, and C ann,tot is the total annualized cost of all the system components. C ann,tot is expressed as follows:

H. THE COST OF ENERGY (COE)
We mean the COE per unit of electrical energy, which is defined as the cost per kWh. The HOMER software calculates the average cost/kWh. Cost criteria are also available. The cost of energy, efficient, and cost-effective power systems with minimal energy costs is given in equation 6.

III. EXISTING POWER SYSTEM
Nonrenewable resources (RE) are those that the earth cannot reproduce. A diesel generator is an example of a nonrenewable energy system. The existing electricity grid is seen in Figure 5. The system is connected to the grid, and a 220KW generator is operated during load shedding hours. The diesel generator is coupled to the AC bus to supply direct electric power to the load. In Pakistan, the price of diesel is approximately Rs.125 per liter, and when the cost of fuel transportation is included, the total price of diesel rises. During the load shedding hours, 220 KW generators run all the load of the system; during the usual situation on grid supply runs all load.

A. DETAIL DATA OF EXISTING SYSTEM 1) ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION DEVIATION
The annual energy purchased from the grid is 338,892 kWh, and the yearly power sold to the grid is 2,420 kWh. This microgrid requires 1006 kWh/day and has a peak of 200 kW. In the proposed system, the following generation sources   serve the electrical load. The yearly purchase and sale of energy are given in Table 2, and annual production is shown in figure 6. Table 3 describes the current system's size, including a grid supply and a 220KW generator utilized to meet load demand during load shedding hours. Figure 7 depicts a cost summary of all the components in the existing system. All of the costs are represented in the picture with different color schemes. Table 4 displays the net present cost of all components and the overall system.
The annualized cost of the existing system is shown in Table 5. Table 6 depicts the generator properties in the existing setup. Table 7 displays the generator's fuel consumption summary in the existing summary. Table 8 describes the generator's operational characteristics. Table 9 helps to explain the generator's fuel consumption characteristics. Table 10 depicts the polluted gas emissions produced by the generator in the present system.

IV. PROPOSED POWER SYSTEM
Renewable energy resources are widely present in Pakistan. According to the feasibility study, solar energy has enormous potential for the examined location, and solar energy is employed as a renewable energy source in this suggested work. Solar power and storage system is used in combination with on-grid systems is shown in figure 8.
During the Load shedding Hours, electricity is provided through a diesel generator, having substantial operational costs. The complete structure of the project is shown in Fig. 9.
In the presence of the enormous potential of energy, extra energy will be stored in the batteries. This excessive energy can be used when the production of the solar panel is less. In the proposed system, grid and solar energy are used to run the load under normal conditions, as shown in figure 8.

B. MODELING OF PROPOSED SYSTEM THROUGH HOME FRAMEWORK
The proposed system makes use of the HOMER microgrid software. The term HOMER refers to a hybrid optimization model for electrical renewables. Determining the most appropriate energy resources is increasingly challenging due to the abundance and variability of energy sources. HOMER makes it easy to develop the best possible framework by incorporating optimization and sensitivity analysis.  Start with the initial assessment; calculate the site load and rating of each load resource present on the site. After the initial assessment, HOMER takes the data, performs the techno-economic analysis, and generates the final results. The proposed framework of the HOMER operation is shown in figure 10.

C. LOAD ESTIMATION
The load data for the entire building is computed, and data is gathered for each room; the number of lights, fans, laptops, or other devices are carefully calculated. The daily load profile is shown in figure 11.
Grid-connected at King's Abdullah Campus, The University of Azad Jammu, and Kashmir Muzaffarabad, AJK Pakistan has a total load of 1000 kWh/d and peak load is 200 KW. Load of 1000kWh/d constantly used for 8 hours of the day, five days a week.

D. COST OF COMPONENTS 1) PHOTO VOLTAIC ARRAY
A photovoltaic array is a combination of PV modules that convert solar energy into electrical energy. The power VOLUME 10, 2022 produced by photovoltaics is estimated using solar outputs and de-denominated in air temperature, as shown below.
where PV is the photovoltaic range, g; Grief time tea and solar emissions under standard conditions, t umb ; Under normal conditions, the t ref time T and the ambient temperature, the temperature coefficient of kt energy, and its value depend on the photovoltaic panel technology .  Below table 11 shows PV characteristics, Its instalment, and replacement cost and table 12 shows the characteristics of DG.

2) DIESEL GENERATOR (DG)
When the total power provided by traditional power and storage batteries is inadequate, a diesel generator is utilised as a hybrid power system to satisfy load needs. The equation (8) depends on the amount of fuel used by the diesel generator to generate electricity in each period.
F cons = a.P DG + b.P DG_r (8) where, P DG (t) is power generated by DG (kW) at hourly intervals (t), and F cons is fuel consumption (liter/hour). The P DG_r is rated power of DG produced at hourly (t), a, b are the coefficients (liter/kW).

3) CONVERTER
A converter is a device that converts electrical energy from AC to DC or vice versa. The equation. (9) calculates the rated maximum load decisions power. The efficiency of the converter is given in equation 9.
n cnv = P output P input DG (9) where, P output is represented as output power of the converter, and P input is represented as input power of the converter.

4) STORAGE AGENT
In this study, the battery storage agent is straightforward to link and have well energy productivity.   High power from unconventional sources is used in case of power shortage. Eqs. (10) and (11) estimate the battery charge state at discharge and charge setting.
× n BD (10) Eb min Eb max The DOD represents the depth of discharge of the battery, which relies on the battery's technology.

V. OPTIMIZATION RESUTLS A. HOMER OPERATION
First, data for the desired site is gathered and put into the HOMER software. All the energy sources are chosen under the specified paradigm. In this study, a solar source is included. Batteries along with converters are also added to the system. Finally, a configuration for the on-grid site is obtained. The annual production of the proposed system is shown in figure 12.
In the following stage, HOMER calculates the suggested site design and generates results in net present cost, cost of energy, Operating cost, and initial capital cost. In addition, HOMER calculates existing system parameters and provides findings for the same cost scenarios. The existing and proposed system results are then compared, and the best feasible option is determined.
The annual energy purchased from the grid is 105,712 kWh, and the yearly power sold to the grid is 196,201 kWh. Table 17 shows the characteristics of all the system's components.
The cost summary graph of all the components is shown in the figure 13.
The net present cost of the proposed system is shown in Table 18. The Generic PV system has a nominal capacity of 294 kW. The annual production is 497,242 kWh/yr.

B. OPTIMAL FRAMEWORK AND ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT SCENARIOS
HOMER simulations are run with the provided data to acquire the best solution for the required hybrid system. Throughout the year, HOMER assesses input for each hour. The principal information for the proposed location is solar irradiation, whereas the remaining inputs are the same as in the existing system. The proposed system's outcomes are assessed and compared to the existing system for the same load. PV with varying loads and battery banks is simulated, resulting in thousands of results, although only classified findings are addressed practically.
In this section, simulated results of grid-connected units of different combinations are derived using HOMER. Solar energy is the primary power source at this grid-connected site, and when solar energy is unavailable, the electric grid and battery bank will deliver power to the load. As a result, the grid-connected photovoltaic panel is the most cost-effective and efficient alternative. HOMER tool will simulate hundreds of results in total. This image depicts the best suitable results of the grid site for varying configurations. There are four possible viable systems with PV/Grid/Convertor, PV/Battery/Grid/Convertor, and PV/Battery/Grid/Converter architectures.

1) EXISTING SYSTEM AND PROPOSED SYSTEM WITH THREE DIFFERENT SCENARIOS
Here are the results for an existing system is shown in figure 14. In the table below system has two probabilities either it can take the energy from the grid or use the combination of grid and generator. Here is the table in which cost comparison is given. Results show the Cost of Energy is Rs.25 when it is only connected to the grid, and the cost of Energy is Rs.27.32 when a combination of grid and generator is present.
After the optimization, HOMER shows the best result given below, but it has a battery backup of half an hour in this system. The three different scenarios with small, medium, and large backup are shown in figures 15,16, and 17.
The following are the outcomes of increasing battery backup for 0.653 hours is shown in figure 15. Figure 16 shows the results achieved if the battery backup duration was extended to 1.31 hours. 5450 VOLUME 10, 2022     Table 20.

2) CASE 2: NET PRESENT COST
In the existing system cost of energy is Rs.130M, while in the proposed system Net Present Cost is reduced to Rs.-1.84M. In the case of net present cost, the comparison of energy cost is given in Table 21.

3) CASE 3: INITIAL CAPITAL COST
In the Exiting system cost of Energy is Rs.3.33M, while in the proposed system Initial capital cost increased to Rs.18.9M. VOLUME 10, 2022         In the case of initial capital cost, the comparison of energy cost is given in Table 22.

VI. CONCLUSION
Prolonged energy crises, dwindling fuel supply, and growing environmental concerns, provision of reliable, economical, and sustainable power supply remains a significant challenge in Pakistan. Foregoing interrupted power demand for laboratory experiments and abundant solar potential available in the region is strategically vital to install PV hybrid Solar System in King Abdullah Campus the University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Muzaffarabad. The annual energy acquired from the grid is 338,892 kWh; the present hybrid system consumes 1000 kWh per day and has a peak power of 200 kW. In our proposed framework, yearly energy acquired from the grid is 105712 kWh, and annual energy supplied to the grid is 196201 kWh. The total amount of electricity acquired from the grid is −90488 kWh.
The simulated results of grid-connected units of different combinations are derived using HOMER. Solar energy is the primary power source at this grid-connected site, and when solar energy is unavailable, the electric grid and battery bank will deliver power to the load. As a result, the grid-connected photovoltaic panel is the most cost-effective and efficient alternative. HOMER tool will simulate hundreds of results in total. The tables 20, 21 and 22 depicts the best suitable results of the grid site for varying configurations. There are four possible viable systems with PV/Grid/Convertor, PV/Battery/Grid/Convertor, and PV/Battery/Grid/Converter architectures.
This case study presents the economic analysis for the on-grid site of the Administration Block of King Abdullah Campus. Overall, this proposed system would provide realworld performance optimization for PV hybrid systems and alleviate the power shortage problem, hence facilitating the uninterrupted power supply for teaching, administration, and experimental activities at the campus. The proposed system's results are compared to the existing system's outcomes while giving the same power to the load. The COE from the current on-grid hybrid system is Rs.27.32/kWh, indicating that effective utilization of solar energy reduces energy costs by up to Rs.-.251/kWh.

VII. FUTURE WORK
• Emergency Backup of Batteries Stored Energy can also be provided to the Auditorium and other departments of King Abdullah Campus University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir Muzaffarabad according to its requirement.
• Revenue Generation using Net Metering It recovers the operational cost of PVs System generation by the revenues associated with providing energy stored in offpeak periods to the grid in peak power demand periods.

• Rooftop Solar Charging Station
O We can use the electricity generated by solar power to make charging stations. We can use the charging station to provide a charging facility for electric bikes and EVs. O Financial sustainability O Smart Metering VOLUME 10, 2022 • Establishing a sustainable power system supported by renewable energy sources (RES) that emit no carbon dioxide (CO2).
• The relevance of better health and smog reduction is measured in the cost-benefit analysis of sustainable development and air quality improvements while developing RES and EVs at the same time.