Performance Enhancement of Partial Shaded Photovoltaic System With the Novel Screw Pattern Array Configuration Scheme

The performance of the solar photovoltaic system is affected by the unpredictable phenomenon of partial shading. This causes the mismatch losses that suppress the power generation of healthy PV modules in it. The objective of the proposed work in this paper is to bring out the maximum power from each PV module in the PV array by reducing the mismatch losses. A new array configuration method is proposed in this paper, which follows the screw pattern in the row formation. Each PV row is created with distinct PV modules from the rows of the conventional array configuration. This proposed work allows the PV system to operate with minimum mismatch losses by even shade dispersion over the PV array. The proper mathematical expression with all necessary constraints was derived for the array formation of the proposed work. The output analysis is been validated in the simulation of the $9\times 9$ PV array in MATLAB/Simulink Ⓡ. The mismatch loss generation and output power enhancement are measured and compared with the various conventional array configuration methods under six kinds of partial shading patterns. The proposed array configuration is 40% more efficient than the conventional series-parallel array configuration and also performs better than the total cross-tied and sudoku puzzle pattern methods. The shade dispersion rate of the proposed array configuration has highly reduced the mismatch losses in the PV system and hence, it improves the power output.


I. INTRODUCTION
Global development introduces various technologies which reduce human effort. Worldwide these technologies raise the energy demands for accessing them. On the other hand, population growth and depletion of conventional energy sources have caused the scarcity of energy. These affairs paved a clear path for the growth of renewable energy sources. The utilization of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems is incredibly The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Md. Rabiul Islam .
increased across the world, because of the feasibility, simple installation and, simple maintenance [1], [2], [3]. The PV systems have evolved in various stages from a single PV cell with 4% of efficiency to a PV array with 24% of efficiency. The sun emitted an enormous quantity of photons in the form of light and heat due to the nuclear fusion reaction on it.
The PV system works based on the photovoltaic effect which directly converts the photons in the sunlight into the electron [4], [5]. The performance of the PV system is directly depending on the light received by the PV surface. The power output is been reduced by various factors such as partial shading, VOLUME 10, 2022 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ hotspot, short circuit defect, diode failure, etc. These defects cause mismatch losses in the PV system that vainer the power generation of the healthy PV modules in the PV system [6]. That drastically reduces the power output of the PV system on the load side. The solution for these defects had various stages of evolution from the beginning of PV technology. In [7], [8] an approach called the bypass diode technique was used earlier, for reducing the mismatch losses. During the healthy operation, the resistance of the bypass diode offers high resistance to the current flow, so it flows through the PV cell. When the PV cell affected by the partial shading, the resistance of the cell is been increased than the diode, so the current flows through the bypass diode. It isolates the power generation of the partial shade PV cell or the module so that the influence of the partial shaded cell or module is avoided in the power generation. The power generation can be enhanced by this method, but it is a disadvantage also. The shaded or faulted modules have a small amount of power generation which is proportional to the fault level.
The solution must bring out the entire power generation at the load terminal. So that a new solution is been approached in [9]. The Maximum Power Transfer theorem is the basic principle of the Maximum Power Point Tracking algorithms. The MPPT controller alters the operating point of the PV system at the point where the source resistance is equal to the load resistance. Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm and Incremental Conductance (InC) algorithm are the conventional MPPT methods. These algorithms move the operating point of the PV system forward and backward and observe the power output. It moves in the same direction when the current operating point generates more power than the previous operating point. If the current operating point generates power lesser than the previous operating point it moves the backward direction. The efficiency of these conventional methods is poor when the system operates with many local maximum power points (LMPP  [10]. In [11], and improved MPPT algorithm based on the cuckoo search is been used for the maximum power generation. It has better reliability than the conventional methods in terms of scanning time and accuracy. In [12], the musical chair game-based MPPT algorithm is been discussed. The algorithm follows many stages before obtaining the maximum PowerPoint. Many factors are been used to obtain the MPPT, wherein the first step a game like a musical chair is executed as the algorithm to eliminate the unavailable factors and the factors are in rated value. In the last stage of execution, the factors highly affected due to the shading and faults are filtered and based on the variation on these factors, the accurate MPP can be tracked. The performance evaluations of various MPPT algorithms of both conventional and soft computing-based are methods are carried out in [13]. Each method is having superior performance on some operating conditions and shading patterns. Based on the accuracy of MPP tracking, scanning time, duration of voltage fluctuations, and efficiency, the evaluation is performed. The PV array configuration is also playing a vital role in shade dispersion. Earlier, the series and parallel configurations are majorly used in the PV system. Series-parallel array configuration has been used later in the PV system. The total cross-tied array configuration method is been introduced as in [14], [15], for enhancing the shade dispersion capability of the PV array. The total cross-tied configuration has the better performance, as compared with the Series, Parallel, and Series-Parallel array configurations. Because of the advantages of TCT, various researches have been carried out for improving its performance further. The row creation of the TCT configuration is been modified with many innovative ideas such as honeycomb structure, bridge linked connection, Sudoku puzzle pattern, etc., In [16], the honeycomb array configuration is discussed with the power enhancement analysis. This performance is been further enhanced by the bridge-linked array configuration as in [16]. Later the Sudoku puzzle pattern array configuration-based array configuration is proposed which has a better performance than the other array configurations. The advantage of the sudoku puzzle pattern-based array configuration is the creation of PV rows. The PV rows are created with the distinct PV modules from each row of conventional TCT configuration which allows the PV array with the maximum shade dispersion rate. This enhances the power generation of the PV system. But the sudoku puzzle pattern array configuration is only applicable for the squared array configuration.
There are some other methods such as reconfiguration schemes, current compensation methods are developed. In reconfiguration methods [17], the PV array is capable to change its PV module position concerning the level of partial shading. Switches, current measuring units, voltage measuring units, power measuring units, irradiation measuring units, temperature measuring units, and control units are used in the reconfiguration enabled PV array. The measuring units find the values of electrical parameters such as current and power and also measure the environmental factors such as temperature and irradiation. Based on these measurements control units find the level of partial shading affected on the PV system and rearrange the PV modules interconnections by operating the switches. This method highly reduces the effect of partial shading and enhances the power output. In [18], the couple matching best generation algorithm-based reconfiguration method is discussed. The PV array is been splits into two equal parts such as male and female parts, and based on the row current generation the controller executes the reconfiguration algorithm by coupling male and female parts. In [19], a similar kind of reconfiguration algorithm is developed with the high-power enhancement with the minimized number of switches and measuring units. The current compensation method is developed in [20], which injects the compensation current across each PV row. This setup requires a high number of switches and n number of dc-dc converters and other arrangements. However, this method enhances the performance of the PV system, the installation cost is quite high as compared to all other methods. In addition, the Ken-Ken puzzle [21], firefly-based [22], L-Shape propagated array [23], Spiral Pattern reconfigurations [24] for extraction of maximum power from solar PV are developed. It is also necessary to keep the PV system in safe operating mode with proper designing, fault identification, and fault diagnostic system. In [25], discusses the proper design of the PV system. In this case, two equal power-generating PV system of 100MWp of each is analyzed in similar environmental conditions. Where the properties of two PV arrays are slightly different from others in terms of tilt angle, spacing between the PV rows, degradation level, negative temperature coefficient values. Various studies were carried out on this analysis, which gives the result as the PV plant with the proper design has the best performance over another one with the financial savings of 0.85 million USD per annum. In [26], the necessity of safety measurements in a PV system has been discussed. The risk mitigation solutions are discussed in two different aspects such as positioning of PV modules and fault diagenetic methods. By adjusting the space between the PV modules can slightly reduce the hotspot effect whereas the fault diagnostic system can avoid fire accidents before the faults caused the fire. A comprehensive review of widely used PV reconfiguration based on their advantages and limitations is detailed in [27]. This article helps as a perfect guide to new researchers who wish to carry out their work in the field of PV reconfiguration. A total of around 64 various reconfiguration techniques whichever implemented so far including conventional, bio-inspired, and dynamic based reconfigurations are presented in [28]. Further, the author also presented perfect suggestions, possibilities, and paths to implement future research in this field of work. Another puzzle-based technique based on the prime number for the shade dispersion is proposed by authors in [29].
In this paper, a new kind of static array configuration method has been proposed. This proposed array configuration method follows the screw pattern in the row creation of PV the PV array. Like the sudoku puzzle pattern, this method follows a unique pattern for the row creation. Each PV row is constructed with distinct PV modules from the PV rows of conventional TCT array configuration. The physical location of the PV modules is the same as the location in the conventional TCT, whereas, the electrical interconnection of the modules is only interchanged in the proposed method. In General, the output current at the load terminal of the parallel configuration (with various current sources) will be the value of the minimum current source. As in the PV array, the minimum current generating row's current will be available in the load terminal. The partial shading and any faults in the PV array tremendously reduce the row current which causes the high mismatch loss in the PV array. The mismatch loss can be defined as the percentage of the difference between the maximum and minimum power generating rows. This work operates the PV array with the minimum amount of mismatch losses, by creating the PV rows with the even current generation. This directly increases the power generation of the PV array.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section II presents the proposed array configuration method and its classification. Section III presents the mathematical formulation of the proposed array configuration. Section IV presents the obtainment of results with the P-V and I-V characteristic curves and section V summarizes and concludes the paper.

II. PROPOSED ARRAY CONFIGURATION
The proposed array configuration is implemented based on the screw structure. This propagation allows selecting the PV modules to be presented in the PV array with the optimized distance of each. For example, each row is been constructed with distinct PV modules from the different rows of the conventional PV array. For the 9 × 9 PV array, each row should contain nine numbers of PV modules. In the conventional method, the first row will be P11, P12, P13 P14, P15, P16, P17, P18 and, P19. In the proposed array configuration, the first row will contain PV modules from each row of the conventional method.

III. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION
The mathematical formulation of the proposed array configuration is given in equation 1 to equation 4, as shown at the bottom of the next page. Different expressions are derived for the horizontal and vertical screw propagation pattern. In each kind, it has further two classifications based on the number of columns in the PV array. The PV array with the even number of columns and an odd number of columns had different derivations. Row creation for the horizontal screw propagation with an odd number of columns starts with (1)(i) and ends with (n)(i+((n+1)/2) as in the equation (1), as shown at the bottom of the next page.
For the horizontal screw propagation with an even number of columns, the row creation will start from (1)(i) and end with (n)(i+((n+2)/2) as in equation (2), as shown at the bottom of the next page. As like that, row creation for the vertical screw propagation with an odd number of columns starts with (i)(1) and ends with (i+((n+1)/2) (n) as in the equation (3), as shown at the bottom of the next page. For the vertical screw propagation with an even number of columns, the row creation will start from (i)(1) and ends with (i+((n+2)/2) (n) as in equation (4), as shown at the bottom of the next page. The proposed screw pattern array configuration is applicable for any size of PV arrays such as squared and non-squared PV arrays. Each row is been created with the mathematical equations, by substituting the values of i and n. The value of i represents the number of rows, for row creation of the first row, the value of i will be 1, for the second row the value of i will be 2 and it continues till the end of PV rows. For the m×n PV array, the value of i starts from 1 to the number of rows (m). For example, in the 9 × 9 PV array, the number of row creation will be 9. For the first row, i will be 1, for the second row, i will be 2, and it continues till the ninth row. For the ninth row, the value of i will be 9. Also in each equation, another term n has been used. the values of n vary from 1 to a number of rows. For the 9 × 9 PV array, the number of rows is 9.
The other two variables named 'a' and 'b' are used in the mathematical equations. The values 'ab' denotes the position of PV modules. The PV module's position in the row is denoted by the variable 'a' and the position in the column is denoted by 'b'. For example, the PV module placed in the PV array of the 4 th row and 5 th column is represented as P 45 , whereas, the value of 'a' is 4 and the value of 'b' is 5. For the PV module P 73 , the value of 'a' is 7, and the value of 'b' is 3. A constraint is also framed for the equation. In horizontal propagation, the row creation of the first row using the equation (1) gives the result as, P 11 , P 29 , P 32 , P 48 , P 53 , P 67 , P 74 , P 86 , and P 95 . The propagation starts from the first row and ends with the 9 th row. But the second-row propagation starts from the 2 nd row and ends with the 1 st row and for the third-row creation, the propagation starts from the 3 rd row and ends with the 2 nd row. It continues till the 9 th -row creation, where the propagation starts from the 9 th row and ends in the 8 th row. For deriving these modules position mathematically, a constraint is included in the equations as, when the derived value of a exceeds the number of rows 'm' then the value of 'a' is been subtracted from the a and for the 'b', when it exceeds the number of columns then the value of 'b' is subtracted from the number of columns 'n'. This constraint allows the mathematical expression to achieve the accurate screw pattern without the repeated modules from the same row. Both horizontal and vertical screw propagated array configurations is been applied in the 9×9 PV array. The row creation for each configuration is derived using the mathematical    expression. The first-row creation of the horizontal screw propagation is given in table 1. The mathematical expression derives the following modules P 11 , P 29 , P 32 , P 48 , P 53 , P 67 , P 74 , P 86 , and P 95 for the first row. The pictorial representation of the row creation for the horizontal screw propagation is shown in Figure.2. Each row creation for the 9 × 9 PV array has pictorially represented in Figure.2. Screw pattern array configuration of horizontal propagation for the 9 × 9 PV array is given in TABLE. 2. The vertical propagated screw pattern for the 9 × 9 PV array is derived by the equation (3). The node creation for the first row is given in TABLE.3. The mathematical expression derives the following modules P 11 , P 92 , P 23 , P 84 , P 35 , P 76 , P 47 , P 68 , and P 59 for the first row of vertical propagated screw pattern array configuration. The pictorial representation of the row creation for the vertical screw propagation is shown in Figure.3(a). The final structure of the vertical propagated screw pattern configuration of the 9 × 9 PV array has pictorially represented in Figure.3(b). Screw pattern array configuration of vertical propagation for the 9 × 9 PV array is given in TABLE. 2.
The proposed array configuration can be explained with the simple steps as follows Step -1: Obtain the actual structure of the PV array.
Step -2: Consider no of rows as 'm' and the number of rows as 'n'.
Step -3: Consider the temporary variables 'a' and 'b' for representing the panel position.
Step -4: Obtain the PV modules in each row by using the mathematical function Step -5: If the values of 'a' and 'b' are greater than 'm' and 'n', then a = a -m b = b -n Step -5: In 9 × 9 PV array, each corresponding row, the function P ab has nine PV modules. For example, the first row has the following modules, P 11 . P 29 . P 32 . P 48 . P 53 . P 67 . P 74 . P 86 . P 95 .
Step -6: Obtain each row using the mathematical function Step -7: Check once for the non-repeated PV modules from the same row of conventional configuration Step -8: Connect the PV modules in the real-time PV array accords to the mathematically obtained results.

IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
The simulation of a PV cell is constructed from the single diode model. The single diode model of the PV cell is constructed by a current source with shunt-connected resistance. The circuit diagram, of the single diode model, is shown in figure.4. An equivalent circuit of the PV cell has a current source (I ph ) and a shunt resistance (R shunt ). This structure represents the equivalent circuit of a single PV cell. For the PV module and PV array creation 'n' a number of PV cells are connected in series. I max is the maximum current generation from the PV cell model  The equation for the maximum output current from the Figure.4 can be derived as, where, Im = Maximum output current of PV cell Vm = Maximum voltage at the load terminal Iph = Photovoltaic Current Isat = Saturation Current K = Boltzman's constant Rs = Series Resistance Rsh = Shunt Resistance Ta = Ambient Temperature. For validating the proposed horizontal and vertical screw propagated array configuration, a 9 × 9 PV array is been modeled in the MATLAB/Simulink R as shown in figure.5. Based on the mathematical equation the PV cell is designed and integrated as a 9 × 9 PV array. The specification of PV modules is given in Table 5.
The convention array configurations such as Series parallel, Total Cross Tied, and Sudoku array configurations are VOLUME 10, 2022  validated with the proposed method. A 9 × 9 PV array is modeled in the conventional and proposed array configurations. The red blocks in the simulation diagram show the 9×9 PV array of each configuration. The subsystem has three out terminals such as short circuit current (I sc ), open-circuit voltage (V oc ), and maximum power output (P m ). The discrete samples from these terminals are brought to the workspace for reference. Also, these values are plotted as the Power-Voltage (P-V) and Current-Voltage (I-V) characteristic curves using the plotter block. The performance of the proposed method is analyzed with the conventional array configuration methods by applying the various shading patterns. The irradiation block possesses eighty-one irradiation values for all panels. These irradiation values are brought into each subsystem of array configurations via goto blocks. The simulation results were obtained by applying the various shading patterns. Solar PV modules are not receiving uniform irradiation on the whole day. It varies concerning time which is a natural phenomenon. But other factors cause uneven irradiation on the PV array. Partial shadings are caused by nearby objects, buildings, towers, trees, clouds, and others. These shades are not uniform in their pattern and this pattern is not predictable. Some kind of shading caused by trees, nearby buildings, and towers can be predictable. But the shadings due to the clouds, dust accumulation, birds' droppings, etc., are not predictable. These factors cause the partial shading in the PV array that operates the PV rows with the uneven current generation. Uneven generating PV rows causes mismatch losses in the PV array. Mismatch loss is the difference between the maximum power generating row and the minimum power generating row. The power output from the PV modules with the healthy condition and receives good irradiation is been limited by the faulted or the partial shading affecting PV modules.
The power output of the healthier modules is limited by the faulted and partially shaded modules. This phenomenon is known as mismatch loss. Based on the shading level that occurred in the PV array, it can be contained into eight kinds of shading patterns. All kinds of shading levels (minimum to maximum) are coming under these eight kinds of shading patterns. The eight kinds of shading patterns are uneven row shading, uneven column shading, diagonal shading, random shading, short and narrow (SN) shading, short and wide (SW) shading, Long and narrow (LW) shading, and long and wide (LW) shading. Under these eight kinds of classifications. Six shading patterns except for uneven row and uneven column were applied on the proposed horizontal and vertical screw propagated array configuration. Also, the same shading patterns are applied on the conventional array configurations of series-parallel, TCT, and Sudoku array configurations.
The equation for the maximum output current from the figure.4 can be derived as, (6) where, P Rmax is the power generation of the maximum power generating row, and P Rmin is the power generation of the minimum power generating row. The efficiency of the PV system under any circumstances can be measured by the following expression, where, P ACTUAL is the actual power generation of the PV array, and P Rmin is the rated power generation of the PV array. The results of proposed and conventional array configurations are compared and discussed. The six shading patterns are shown in figure.6. The shading level is shown in figure.6(g) on which each color pattern represents the amount of irradiation received by the PV modules. A random shading pattern is created in the 9 × 9 PV array as in figure.6(a). The main causes of random shading are caused due to internal faults, isolated PV modules, and the shadow of clouds. Figure.6(b) shows the diagonal shading pattern where the PV module position of P11 receives 300W/m2, P22 receives 500W/m 2 , P33 receives 600W/m 2 , P44 receives 700 W/m 2 , P55 receives 800 W/m 2 , P66 receives 900 W/m 2 , P77 receives 100 W/m 2 , P88 receives 800 W/m 2 , and P99 receives 900 W/m 2 as shown in figure 6(b). Diagonal shading pattern is caused by the nearby taller objects such as transmission posts, mobile towers and etc., A short and Narrow (SN) shading pattern is created in the PV array as shown in figure.6(c). In the 9 × 9 PV array, four columns of the first five rows are covered by the shadings for creating the SN shading pattern. For the Short and Wide shading pattern, all columns of the first five rows are shaded as shown in figure.6(d). Generally, short and narrow and short and wide shading patterns are occurred in the PV array due to the clouds, new building constructions nearby the PV plants. A long and Narrow (LN) shading pattern is applied on the PV array of the first three columns of the entire PV rows as shown in figure.6(e). The first seven columns of the entire PV rows are shaded in a Long and Wide (LW) shading pattern as shown in figure.6(f). The power output of the conventional and proposed array configuration is given in Table 6 to table 11. The short circuit current (I sc ), power output (Pm) and, efficiency under the partial shading conditions of series-parallel (Se-P) configuration, TCT configuration, Sudoku pattern-based configuration,  horizontal propagated screw pattern array configuration (Scr_H), and vertical propagated screw pattern array configuration (Scr_V) were presented in the output results. In a     random shading pattern, the Scr_H method generates 6.69A of short circuit current and 481W of power output, Scr_V method generates 6.56A of short circuit current and 472W of power output. The proposed horizontal and vertical methods are superior to the conventional methods of Se-P, TCT,    and Sudoku configurations. under this shading condition, the power generations by the conventional method are 243W, 342W, 386W respectively by the Se-P, TCT, and Sudoku configurations. Se-P configuration generates the least output power among others. The power generating capability under the shading conditions shows the ability to create even current generating rows. Almost 35% of shading is created on the PV array in the random shading pattern. The proposed Scr_H configuration generates power with the efficiency of 59.4% with the 65% of available irradiation. On other hand, the proposed Scr_V configuration generates power with the In the diagonal shading pattern, the performance of the sudoku puzzle pattern is poor than the TCT configuration. The proposed configuration and the TCT generate the equal power output in the diagonal shading pattern as given in Table 5. The P-V and I-V characteristic curves under the diagonal shading pattern are shown in figure.8. In a short and narrow shading pattern, the Scr_V configuration has the maximum power generation of 684W output power, whereas the Scr_H configuration generates 666W of output power. The proposed configurations are generating power nearly equal to each other. The conventional configurations are generating power nearly to others. The performance of all configurations under the SN shading patterns is given in Table 6. The P-V and I-V characteristic curves under the SN shading pattern are shown in figure.9.
Performance under the short and wide array configuration is given in Table 7. P-V and I-V characteristic curves of the array configurations under the short and wide shading are shown in figure 10. The proposed Scr_H and Scr_V are better than the conventional configurations. Under the long and narrow shading pattern, Scr_H generates 657W power output and Scr_V generates 648W power output. The performance under the L&N shading pattern is given in Table 8 and the P-V and I-V characteristic curves are shown in figure 11. The P-V and I-V curves of the proposed method are smoother than other configurations whereas the conventional configurations had multiple peaks in the characteristic curves. The uneven curves show the faults, shading level, high mismatch loss between the PV rows in the PV array. Performance of the array configurations under the long and wide shading pattern is given in table 11, where the proposed Scr_H pattern generates 540W of power output with the 66.7% of efficiency, and the Scr_V pattern generates 549W of power output. The proposed patterns generate maximum power than the conventional methods also the proposed system had smoother P-V and I-V characteristic curves than others.
The power output comparison chart of all array configurations is shown in figure 13. In a random shading pattern, the Scr_H configuration generates maximum power. In diagonal shading pattern, sudoku array configuration has poor performance. In the sudoku pattern, the rows are created diagonally. So that, in a diagonal shading pattern, all shading is accumulated in a single PV row that leads to the power loss. In TCT and proposed Scr_H and Scr_V had equally dispersed the shading over the PV array. The shade dispersion capability increases the power-generating ability of the PV array. P-V and I-V characteristic curves also represent the performance of the PV array. The consequences of partial shading, faults in the PV array are been reflected on the P-V and I-V characteristic curves. The P-V and I-V characteristic curves of the proposed configuration in all shading patterns are very smoother than the conventional methods. This reflects the performance enhancement of the proposed array configuration over the conventional methods. The proposed method is efficient in all shading patterns when compared to the TCT and sudoku. In some shadings, TCT is better than Sudoku and in some others, Sudoku is better than TCT. These configurations are not performing well in all shading patterns. On observing the performance of proposed Scr_H and Scr_V, these configurations are performed consistently unique in all shading patterns. In all kinds of shading patterns, the proposed method performs consistently on shade dispersion and power generation.
The performance of the proposed system has been compared with the L-shape propagated array configuration [23] and spiral pattern array configuration scheme [24]. These two references are discussed about the array configurations for minimizing the mismatch losses as like this proposed method. The performance of these two methods was analyzed and compared with the Series parallel, TCT, and Sudoku array configurations with the eight shading patterns. L-shape propagated array configuration and spiral pattern array configuration method have better performance over the conventional methods. By comparing the percentage of efficiency in power enhancement, these methods are superior to the conventional array configurations. However, the percentage of efficiency of the proposed screw pattern vertical and horizontal propagation method is a little more superior to all other array configuration methods. The comparison result is given in Table 12.

V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a new array configuration for the solar PV system is proposed based on the pattern that follows the screw structure. Screw propagated array configuration is further classified into two classifications based on the direction of propagation as horizontal propagated screw pattern and vertical propagated array configuration. The steps in creating nodes in a screw pattern for any sized PV array is defined with the proper mathematical formulation. The mathematical expressions with the necessary constraints for creating PV rows are defined with the examples in this paper. The proposed Scr_H and Scr_V are designed in the MATLAB/Simulink R software. These Scr_H and Scr_V configurations are tested with the six types of possible shading patterns. The performance of the proposed method is been compared and discussed with the conventional array configurations. For the high long and narrow shading pattern, the conventional methods are generating 207W, 432W, 495W power, whereas the proposed Scr_H and Scr_V methods generate 540W and 549W power. The proposed two methods have almost equal power generation and compared to the conventional methods, the proposed method has superior performance. For observing the performance of each array configuration, P-V and I-V characteristic curves were plotted. The curves of the proposed array configurations are smoother than the conventional methods. The conventional methods are performing well in some shading patterns and performing poorly in others. whereas the proposed array configuration is performing consistently well in all shading patterns. The power output given in the results section shows the consistent performance of the proposed configurations. Also, the shade dispersion rate and ability to adapt over the environment and partial shading condition are better for the proposed array configuration. This array configuration is easy to implement in the PV array with the addition of wires to the conventional methods. The performance of the partial shaded photovoltaic system can be sufficiently enhanced by the proposed Scr_H and Scr_V array configurations.
THANIKANTI SUDHAKAR BABU (Senior Member, IEEE) received the B.Tech. degree from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur, India, in 2009, the M.Tech. degree in power electronics and industrial drives from Anna University, Chennai, India, in 2011, and the Ph.D. degree from VIT University, Vellore, India, in 2017.
He is currently working as an Associate Professor with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology (CBIT), Hyderabad, India. He had completed his Postdoctoral Researcher Fellowship from the Institute of Power Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Malaysia. Before to that, he was worked as an Assistant Professor with the School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University. He has published more than 100 research articles in various renowned international journals. His research interests include the design and implementation of solar PV systems, renewable energy resources, power management for hybrid energy systems, storage systems, fuel cell technologies, electric vehicles, and smart grids. He has been acting as an Associate Editor of IET RPG, IEEE ACCESS, ITEES, (Willey), Energy Research, (Frontiers). He is a Section Editor of Energies and Sustainability MDPI Publications. He is a reviewer of various reputed journals.
HASSAN HAES ALHELOU (Senior Member, IEEE) is currently a Faculty Member with Tisheen University, Lattakia, Syria. He was a Senior Researcher with the University College Dublin (UCD), Ireland. He is included in the 2018 and 2019 Publons list of the top 1% best reviewer and researchers in the field of engineering. He has published more than 160 research papers in the high-quality peer-reviewed journals and international conferences. His research interests include power systems, power system dynamics, power system operation, and control, dynamic state estimation, frequency control, smart grids, micro-grids, demand response, load shedding, and power system protection. He was a recipient of the Outstanding Reviewer Award from Energy Conversion and Management Journal, in 2016, ISA Transactions Journal, in 2018, Applied Energy Journal, in 2019, and many other Awards. He was a recipient of the best young researcher in the Arab Student Forum Creative among 61 researchers from 16 countries at Alexandria University, Egypt, in 2011. He has also performed more than 160 reviews for high prestigious journals, including IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON