Least-Cost Structuring of 24/7 Carbon-Free Electricity Procurements

This paper addresses the construction of renewable portfolios targeting specified carbon-free energy (CFE) hourly performance scores. The approach uses a collection of simulation scenarios and imposes probability constraints on achieving the desired CFE score. Given a fixed set of available CFE generators the load customer seeks to minimize annual procurement costs. Results are illustrated using a realistic dataset of jointly calibrated solar and wind assets, and include comparison of different approaches to handling multiple loads.