Availability Bids Enabling Participation of Electric Vehicles in the Wholesale Markets

We propose the participation model for Electric Vehicles (EVs) aggregators in the wholesale markets, that is based on rules originally available for thermal generators only, whose characteristics have been internalized with dedicated bids via constraints typical of unit commitment-based market clearing mechanisms. The key idea is to internalize technological constraints of EVs (namely capacity of batteries), while preserving the flexibility exposed in their convenient charging availability. EVs can express their economic preferences regarding additionally purchased energy by specifying the desired state of charge, and bid prices. We propose a rather simple modification in bid/offer-based optimal power flow (OPF-DC) model, and show in case study the benefits for EVs and efficiency for the system.