Characteristics of Electric Breakdown in an Argon Bubble Enveloped in Conductive Liquid

We have investigated spatial and temporal electric breakdown characteristics of a gas bubble submerged in liquid between two pin electrodes powered by a single high-voltage (20 kV) nanosecond pulse (11 ns FWHM). The advantage of ns-pulsed plasmas at liquid interfaces lies in their ability to produce high electric fields and temperatures within a small volume, leading to rapid and efficient reactions [1]. The short pulse duration limits the distance that electric breakdown propagates across an interface and can lead to direct breakdown in the liquid phase itself [2]. Under the condition of increasing conductivity, the charge dissipation across the interface increases, mediated by the Maxwell relaxation time
$(\tau_{\mathrm{r}}=\sigma/\varepsilon)$
. Therefore, for water conductivity determines the rate at which charges can move through liquid and respond to changes in the electric field.