Zeroth-Order Complete Discretizations of Integral-Equation Formulations Involving Conducting or Dielectric Objects at Very Low Frequencies

We present the Self-Loop basis functions, a divergence-conforming set with zero charge density. These basis functions allow a rearrangement of the Linear-linear basis functions set to overcome the low-frequency breakdown. We show the accuracy and stability at very low frequencies of the Linear-linear discretizations of (i) electric-field integral equation for perfectly conducting objects and (ii) the Poggio-Miller-Chang-Harrington-Wu-Tsai formulation, for dielectric bodies.