Technologies for exploring the Martian subsurface

The Mars Technology Program has invested in a number of development efforts with the collective goal of providing robust access to the Martian subsurface for future landed missions. Currently funded technologies include a sampling system that will be able to penetrate hard rock to 20 m in a highly autonomous manner and at flight-like power levels; shallow (0.5 m) regolith samplers appropriate for low-force platforms such as a rover-mounted robotic arm; a light-weight, low-force hard rock sampler that collects 1 cc powdered samples; and an advanced automation task for permafrost drilling. A summary of capabilities and current status of each of these technologies is presented here. In addition, the program supports the development and integrated testing of a number of science instruments for exploring the subsurface directly, including downhole IR, neutron and X-ray fluorescence spectrometers. Given the increased uncertainties associated with operating such systems, the program's goal is to bring these technologies to high Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) so that they may be readily utilized by future missions. Recent efforts to facilitate the necessary field and laboratory testing to achieve this high level of maturity will also be discussed.