Comprehensive Analysis of Nature-Inspired Algorithms for Parkinson’s Disease Diagnosis

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a prominent neurodegenerative disease that damages the neurons of the substantia nigra, causing irreversible impairments leading to involuntary movements. As this disease disrupts patients’ daily activities in a mature stage, early detection of the disease is crucial. Several methods based on nature-inspired (NI) algorithms have been proposed for PD detection and patient management. As there are several NI algorithms for feature selection, a mapping with an individual machine learning (ML) classifier is necessary to obtain optimal performance of the detection pipeline. To fill this gap, in this work, 13 NI algorithms and 11 ML classifiers were selected, and critical comparisons were performed regarding their combined performance in detecting PD. Each NI algorithm was employed to select an optimal feature set which was then classified by the 11 ML classifiers keeping the same parameters. This generated 143 NI-ML pairs, which were carefully compared to find the best-performing pairs considering several assessment criteria such as accuracy, cross-validation mean score, precision, recall and F1-score. The results of the extensive comparative analysis allowed the ranking of the algorithms in the 50th, 75th and 95th percentile to identify the best-performing pairs. The analyses revealed that 12 NI-ML models obtained a testing accuracy of over 91%, which is above the 95th percentile value. The Flower Pollination Algorithm and Extreme Gradient Boost Algorithm pair obtained the highest testing accuracy of 93%. This study revealed the remarkable performance of the boosting algorithms promoting explainable machine learning in PD detection.