RadarVerses in Metaverses: A CPSI-Based Architecture for 6S Radar Systems in CPSS

Metaverses have caused significant changes in the industry and their academic foundation can be traced back to the term cyber–physical–social systems (CPSS), which was proposed in 2010. Radar is an important sensor in sensing systems that are widely applied in many fields, especially, in autonomous driving. To deal with the complex environment, smart radars with real-time information processing capabilities are required. Human factors play a critical role in the operation and management of radar systems, thus, digital twins’ radars in cyber–physical systems (CPS) are unable to achieve intelligence in CPSS due to an incomplete consideration of human involvement. For this consideration, we propose a novel framework of RadarVerses for smart radars in metaverses based on ACP-based parallel intelligence, which is also known as cyber–physical–social intelligence (CPSI). RadarVerses consist of five main parts which are physical radars, descriptive radars, predictive radars, prescriptive radars, and deep radars. To construct RadarVerses at the technical level, we introduce four main technical foundations: 1) communication technology; 2) scenarios engineering; 3) foundation models; and 4) digital workers. In addition, we also provide a case study about LiDARs’ predictive maintenance of accumulated snow in RadarVerses.