A Comparison of Three Strategies: Electric vehicles battery cooling strategies and use of nanomaterial for performance enhancement

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are becoming ubiquitous in a wide range of applications, such as electric vehicles (EVs), defense equipment, communication devices, power tools, and household devices. Compared to other batteries and their chemistries, Li-ion cells are desirable because of their high energy density and durability. However, Li-ion batteries suffer from their sensitivity to temperature; for safe and reliable performance, their working temperature should be in the range 25 °C–35 °C.