Losses of Passive Balancing versus Mixed Two-Layer Balancing

Battery cell balancing is an essential feature of lithium-ion battery packs traditionally implementing passive balancing which is associated with high losses. However, these losses could be reduced by incorporating a higher-level balancing producing mixed two-level balancing topology which splits battery hence reducing losses of passive balancing. Losses of both approaches have been analyzed and discussed. An experimental loss comparison has been carried out.