A Novel Loss Sensitivity Based Linearized OPF and LMP Calculations for Active Balanced Distribution Networks

The distribution system operator performs optimal power flow calculations for efficient and economical scheduling of the distributed energy resources (DERs) and congestion management of the active distribution network. A linearized version of the ac optimal power flow (ACOPF) model is more suitable for practical implementation due to its simplicity and fast convergence. Thus, this article proposes a linearized ACOPF framework and locational marginal price (LMP) calculations for a generalized (i.e., radial and meshed) active balanced distribution system. The proposed linearized ACOPF for the distribution level market is formulated based on novel active and reactive power loss sensitivities by considering the effects of high
$\boldsymbol{R/X}$
ratio and network constraints. The distribution LMPs are mathematically derived for active and reactive power generations and loads. Different reactive power loads are represented as a function of active power loads using the concept of power-factors. Thus, the load portfolio consists of nominal active power demand and nominal power-factor. Different LMPs are calculated for loads with different power-factors. DERs submit a separate offer for active and reactive power generations. Thus, separate LMPs are derived for DERs. The efficacy and efficiency of the proposed ACOPF framework are illustrated and compared on different radial and meshed distribution systems.