MIMO Channel Estimation Using Score-Based Generative Models

Channel estimation is a critical task in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) digital communications that substantially affects end-to-end system performance. In this work, we introduce a novel approach for channel estimation using deep score-based generative models. A model is trained to estimate the gradient of the logarithm of a distribution and is used to iteratively refine estimates given measurements of a signal. We introduce a framework for training score-based generative models for wireless MIMO channels and performing channel estimation based on posterior sampling at test time. We derive theoretical robustness guarantees for channel estimation with posterior sampling in single-input single-output scenarios, and experimentally verify performance in the MIMO setting. Our results in simulated channels show competitive in-distribution performance, and robust out-of-distribution performance, with gains of up to 5 dB in end-to-end coded communication performance compared to supervised deep learning methods. Simulations on the number of pilots show that high fidelity channel estimation with 25% pilot density is possible for MIMO channel sizes of up to
$64 \times 256$
. Complexity analysis reveals that model size can efficiently trade performance for estimation latency, and that the proposed approach is competitive with compressed sensing in terms of floating-point operation (FLOP) count.