Investigating the methods and health outcomes of research studies on light pollution and human physiology and behaviour: a systematic review

Light at night (LAN) enables humans to extend their lifestyle and exploration, cultivates economic growth, and increases the perception of safety. On the other hand, LAN has been connected to adverse health outcomes, such as circadian disruption, mood effects, and increased breast cancer incidence risk in humans. Studies investigating health outcomes of LAN utilize a variety of methods sometimes resulting in conflicting outcomes. We conducted a systematic review focusing on the experimental methods and health outcomes of LAN studies. While most studies found a negative impact of LAN on human health, lighting conditions were not adequately reported or controlled in many cases. Recommendations are provided for future research studies investigating LAN effects on human health outcomes.