In-Flight Calibration of Visible and Near-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (VNIS) Onboard Chang’E-4 Unmanned Lunar Rover

The visible and near-infrared imaging spectrometer (VNIS) is one of the scientific payloads onboard the Yutu-2 lunar rover of the Chang’E-4 mission. Based on acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) dispersion, a moving platform and a calibration unit, the VNIS was designed for lunar surface observations of the far side of the Moon for composition exploration and spectral experiments in the wavelength range of 0.45–
$2.4~ \mu \text{m}$
. Large differences in radiance caused by the discrepancy between the laboratory and the lunar environment could affect the spectral shape and features. Therefore, in-flight calibration of the VNIS is critical for the interpretation of the acquired spectra. To precisely map the digital output to the spectral radiance, a calibration unit was installed on the VNIS to facilitate radiometric calibration measurements on the lunar surface. After the elimination of stray light and the shadow effect, the measured radiance of the calibration unit was derived by digital multiplication of the preflight coefficients. Considering the observation geometry, the Moon–Sun distance, and the bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF) of the calibration panel, the theoretical radiance at the entrance pupil of VNIS was calculated. Using linear regression, in-flight calibration of the coefficients was performed and used to correct the spectral data. The performance of the spectrometer was evaluated using 12 lunar-day data. It was determined that the coefficients gradually converged and the variation was less than 1%, indicating that the in-flight calibration was robust. The proposed in-flight calibration method facilitated the acquisition of reliable data for lunar composition interpretation.