A Rule-based Concept for a Bottom-up Multi-Master Black Start of an Inverter-Dominated Low-Voltage Cell

Black start capability is one of the challenges in the future grid, to be dominated by distributed power electronic inverters. Recent developments in active distribution networks highlight bottom-up restoration plans in addition to conventional top-down approaches. Unlike available bottom-up procedures, the proposed approach of this paper does not rely on conventional communication or an overlaid central control in a novel black start sequence in the low voltage level based on the grid-forming capability of inverters and local demand-side management of residential smart meters. The simulation results verify the proposed sequence with a successful supply power-sharing and an effective gradual partial loading.