Control Principles for Island Operation and Black Start by Offshore Wind Farms integrating Grid-Forming Converters

In this paper, control principles to perform black start services by offshore wind farms (OWFs) integrating grid-forming (GFM) control are presented. The strategy consists in exploiting a GFM battery energy storage system (BESS) to provide black start services by an OWF equipped by grid-following wind turbines. Controller modelling and operation methodology are explained. In order to show the proposed control and operation principles, the analysis is implemented on the CIGRE Working Group C4.49 benchmark, which could resemble modern large OWFs in the United Kingdom, such as Hornsea Project 1 and 2. Analysis simulations in the software PSCAD show the success of the proposed strategy.