Cyber-Physical Contracts in Offline Regions

LoRaWAN is primarily used in the field of Internet of Things (IoT) applications to transmit sensor values at low cost and build applications on that data. However, LoRaWAN is not commonly used to actively participate in applications. In this paper, we present a universal approach to integrate LoRaWAN into larger cyber-physical systems. For this purpose, we developed an abstraction for Fides, a framework for decentralized cyber-physical contracts, and show how to participate in those contracts with LoRaWAN, even in offline regions without Internet connectivity. Therefore, we present both the necessary extensions to Fides itself, as well as the LoRaWAN protocol used for communication. These components are complemented by a secure middleware, which not only translates the LoRaWAN transactions and acts on behalf of the users but also provides information about the contracts back to the devices.