Advanced Theoretical Models for Broadband Klystron Development

Broadband klystrons (BBKs) offer the potential of both high power and broad-bandwidth performance as microwave amplifiers. Staggered tuned bunching circuit and filter-loaded output cavity are the mainstream techniques adopted for developing such devices. However, in the design and optimization stage, the accurate and fast theoretical models are still missing before final particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations are conducted. In this article, the small-signal theory of klystron has been derived from accurate large-signal models used in KlyC, where complex mode field distribution, relativistic effects, mode coupling, and precise space charge model are fully considered in the final analytic formulas compared with existing simplified models. Furthermore, mode coupling theory with partially beam-loading conditions has been developed in KlyC to analyze the filter-loaded output cavity and overall klystron performance in the large-signal domain. An example of the retrofit design of 100-kW five-cavity
${X}$
-band klystron is then presented to demonstrate the advanced design methodology based on the above fast theoretical models. The 3-D PIC simulation finally verifies this BBK design, showing −1-dB bandwidth of 200 MHz is attainable with output power over 100 kW, where the maximum discrepancy between theoretical models and PIC is within 2% in the whole bandwidth.