BLS12-381 Pairing Implementation with RAM Footprint Smaller than 4KB

Advanced cryptographic technologies such as identity-based encryption, broadcast encryption, and aggregate signature are expected to be utilized for smart security management of IoT (Internet of Things) systems. Most advanced cryptography is based on complicated algebraic operations, namely bilinear pairings defined over elliptic curve groups. BLS12-381 pairing is the most promising one that satisfies a sufficient security level, and it is of great interest whether this pairing can be implemented on resource-restricted IoT end nodes. This paper derives Techniques to implement BLS12-381 pairing with less than 4 KB of RAM and evaluates its performance on two resource-restricted microcontrollers, Arduino Nano Every and Arduino Nano 33 IoT.