Maximum Energy Penetration Rate of PV in Distribution Network Under Security Constraints Based on Game Theory

The high penetration of PV incurs voltage violation and power flow reversion in distribution network. A numerical definition of energy penetration rate (EPR) is proposed to measure the penetration of PV. A comprehensive security index (CSI) considering both the voltage and power flow constraints is also presented as the criteria for calculating the maximum value of EPR (MEPR). In power market, the PV owner and distribution system operator (DSO) pursue profit by optimizing their installed infrastructure capacity separately. Both cooperative and non-cooperative game theories are adopted to model their strategies. The Shapley value is used as the payoff allocation method for the alliance. A linear programming is presented when the Shapley value is unstable. The capacity planning strategy of players are obtained based on grey wolf algorithm (GWA). The MEPR is achieved by increasing the maximum allowed PV capacity at each bus step by step until the CSI gets worse. Finally, the MEPRs of several distribution networks are calculated. Some impactful factors and comparison are also discussed in detail.