Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Using Electromagnetic Sensors – A Tribute to the memory of Professor Safieddin Safavi-Naeini

This paper presents a brief overview on the research about non-invasive blood glucose monitoring using electromagnetic sensors conducted at the Centre for Intelligent Antenna and Radio Systems (CIARS) at University of Waterloo. Professor Safieddin Safavi-Naeini was the founder and director of CIARS since 2004 till he passed away in October 2021. Under his leadership and vision, a variety of non-invasive sensing techniques were developed for reliably monitoring the blood glucose levels of clinical relevance to diabetes using the non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations of no hazards when penetrating the body. The sensing structures and devices introduced in this research were designed to operate in specific frequency spectrums that promise a reliable and sensitive glucose detection from centimeter- to millimeter-wave bands. Particularly, three different technologies were proposed and investigated: Complementary Split-Ring Resonators (CSRRs), Whispering Gallery Modes (WGMs) sensors, and millimeter-Wave Radars.