Fiber In-Line Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Based on a Pair of Optical Fiber Diffraction Gratings

Optical fiber in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer for strain and refractive index sensing is proposed based on a pair of multi-column diffraction gratings. In the device operation, part of the light traveling in the fiber core diffracted to the cladding region through the first set of multi-column diffraction gratings, and directed back into the fiber core by the second set of multi-column diffraction gratings after being reflected at the cladding-air interface. The rest of the light remains traveling along the core, and the two parts of light recombine and produce interference. Thus, the multi-column diffraction gratings pair essentially forms an optical fiber in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The transmission spectra of different free spectral ranges can be obtained by controlling the separation of two set of multi-column diffraction gratings. The sensitivities achieved for strain and refractive index are ~−1.43 pm /
$\mu \varepsilon $
and 363.41 nm/RIU (refractive index unit), respectively. As the device has a low temperature sensitivity 8.03 pm/°C, the temperature cross sensitivity can be greatly reduced. Such a device is small in size, robust in structure, and convenient in operation, and has potential in photonic applications.