A Physics-Informed Machine Learning Approach for Estimating Lithium-Ion Battery Temperature

The physics-informed neural network (PINN) has drawn much attention as it can reduce training data size and eliminate the need for physics equation identification. This paper presents the implementation of a PINN with adaptive normalization in the loss function to predict lithium-ion battery cell temperature. In particular, the PINN was trained with the actual battery test data, and a lumped capacitance lithium-ion battery thermal relationship was applied to the loss function with the addition of a pre-layer and connection layer to the neural network architecture. The PINN architecture shows the most accurate battery temperature prediction compared with the fully connected neural network (FCN) and its variants evaluated in this study. The proposed PINN architecture has a mean square prediction error of 0.05 °C with a limited number of training data and without battery thermal model identification.