Real-Time Simulation of Power System Electromagnetic Transients on FPGA Using Adaptive Mixed-Precision Calculations

The massive integration of renewable energy sources and power electronics into the power grid leads to the strong need of real-time Electromagnetic Transients (EMT) simulation of power system using field-programmable gate array (FPGA) platform due to its high efficiency and superior performance. FPGA based EMT simulations – A key for Digital Twin were mainly based on Single-Precision calculations, but ignored potential accumulation displacement. To address this problem, this paper proposes full Double-Precision and Mixed-Precision Floating-Point schemes to achieve optimal balance between numerical accuracy and computational resource cost in FPGA-based EMT simulation even for long duration simulations. Furthermore, adjustable pipeline, address dynamic access and sequence controller techniques for solving high fanout and long datapath hardware implementation are developed to optimize resource usage and timing constraints for all schemes. For non-rotating components, full Double-Precision and full Single-Precision both shows excellent convergence. For rotating components, extra Single-Precision iteration method and Mixed-Precision calculations are compared for Synchronous Machines (SG) with strong nonlinearity, and it is found that only full Double-Precision could avoid phase shift problem. Based on component-level sensitivity analysis, proposed system-level Mixed-Precision scheme is able to achieve close accuracy to that of full Double-Precision scheme and additional average 20% resource reduction for Kundur's system.