Implementation of cold ironing in Italian ports

Onshore power, also known as Cold Ironing (CI) is the process to supply on shore electric power to ships in port to limit emissions of their auxiliary engines during berthing operations. Recommendations by the European Commission require European ports to install cold ironing supply systems by the end of 2025. Consistently, the Italian National Recovery Plan has defined a specific measure to foster implementation of cold ironing in national ports. A crucial issue, targeted by this paper, is the estimation of the actual energy power demand for 42 key Italian ports, based on real data, to identify possible limitations and to prioritize the road map for implementation of cold ironing in Italy.