Haptic Based Simulation for Patient-Specific Zygomatic Implant Placement Surgery

There are inevitable risks during zygomatic implant placement surgery, particularly due to the complex anatomical structure of the zygomatic maxillary and the limited operating space. In this study, we present a haptic based simulation system for trainees to rehearse the process of zygomatic implant placement surgery, providing them with a multi-dimensional perception of vision, touch, and hearing, so that they can effectively master relevant surgical skills. We realize a complete simulation of the zygomatic implantation process, including preoperative planning, model loading, real-time rendering, and two-stage implantation simulation. The implantation simulation is divided into two stages: free motion and implant placement. We use a surface contact model for haptic rendering during the free motion stage and a voxel model to achieve efficient removal of elements during the implant placement stage. The system also provides trainees with a user-friendly interface for importing personalized model data, customizing the implantation steps and selecting the appropriate surgical tool, which maximizes the reproduction of real surgical scenarios.