The Extended Timing Annotation Dataset for Sentinel-1—Product Description and First Evaluation Results

This article introduces the extended timing annotation dataset (ETAD) product for Sentinel-1 (S-1) which was developed in a joint effort of German Aerospace Center (DLR) and European Space Agency (ESA). It allows to correct range and azimuth timing of S-1 images for geophysical effects and for inaccuracies in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image focusing. In combination with the precise orbit solution, these effects determine the absolute geolocation accuracy of S-1 SAR images and the relative collocation accuracy of repeat pass image stacks. ETAD contains the gridded timing corrections for the tropospheric and ionospheric path delays, the tidal-based surface displacements, and the SAR processing effects, all of which are computed for each data taken using standard models from geodesy and auxiliary atmospheric data. The ETAD product helps S-1 users to significantly improve the geolocation accuracy of the S-1 SAR products to better than 0.2 m and offers a potential solution for correcting large-scale interferometric phase variations. The product layout and product generation are described schematically. This article also reports first the results for different SAR techniques: first, the improvement in geolocation accuracy down to a few centimeters by verification of accurately surveyed corner reflector positions in the range–azimuth plane; second, the well-established offset-tracking technique, which is used for systematic ice velocity monitoring of ice sheets and glaciers, where ETAD can reduce velocity biases down to subcentimetric values; and third, the correction of atmospheric phase contributions in wide-area interferograms used for national and European ground motion services. These early results proof the added value of the ETAD corrections and that the product design is well-suited to be integrated into the processing flows of established SAR applications such as absolute ranging of targets, speckle/feature tracking, and interferometry.