Recent Advances in Carbon Nanomaterials Based SPR Sensor for Biomolecules and Gas Detection—A Review

Nanotechnology has advanced at a rapid growth over recent years. Based on carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors have been developed and utilized to find small amounts of low-molecular-weight compounds, including disease biomarkers, medicines, hormones, pesticides, and explosive compounds. These are necessary for disease identification in the early stages, environmental monitoring, food quality management, and explosive materials among other things. Carbon nanomaterials have been used as a supplementary layer over the plasmonic layer in SPR-based sensors. It provides a large surface area, sensitivity enhancing material, and adaptability for immobilizing numerous different biomolecules, DNA, antibodies, enzymes, and antigens as well as the detection of different gases, such as NO
₂
, NH
₃
, and CO
₂
. Recent advances in CNMs have been applied to FET nano biosensors in their designs for point-of-care patient monitoring and rapid viral diagnostics. This article presents the utilisation of CNMs in SPR-based sensors. Several sensing processes and dependent sensing parameters are discussed to make better understanding of analyte adsorption on the surface of CNMs. In addition, some current issues of CNMs-based gas sensors and biosensors are discussed here, that can lead to future study in this field.