Design and Implementation of a Cost-Effective Object Tracking System Based on LoRa, Firebase, and Mapbox

This paper describes the design and implementation of an object tracking system based on LoRa, Firebase, andMapbox. The proposed system allows real-time visualization of the tracking nodes in a web interface following a low-cost and low-complexity design approach. The cost of each tracking node and the gateway were USD 39.38 and USD 28.00, respectively. Regarding its performance, the energy autonomy of each tracking node was 270.6 hours with maximum coverture of 896 meters under open field conditions, which is hard reduced to 114 meters under indoor conditions.