Gut Microbiome Redox Sensors With Ultrasonic Wake-Up and Galvanic Coupling Wireless Links

Tools to measure
in vivo
redox activity of the gut microbiome and its influence on host health are lacking. In this paper, we present the design of new
in vivo
gut oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) sensors for rodents, to study host-microbe and microbe-environment interactions throughout the gut. These are the first
in vivo
sensors to combine ultrasonic wake-up and galvanic coupling telemetry, allowing for sensor miniaturization, experiment flexibility, and robust wireless measurements in live rodents. A novel study of
in situ
ORP along the intestine reveals biogeographical redox features that the ORP sensors can uniquely access in future gut microbiome studies.