FadeLoc: Smart Device Localization for Generalized ${\kappa {-} \mu}$ Faded IoT Environment

In this paper, we propose
FadeLoc
a novel method for localizing smart devices in an Internet of Things (IoT) environment, based on the Received Signal Strength (RSS), and a generic
${\kappa {-} \mu}$
fading model where
$\kappa$
and
$\mu$
denote the fading parameters. The RSS-based localization is challenging because of noise, fading, and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) effects, thus necessitating an appropriate fading model to best fit the varying RSS values. The advantage of a generic fading model is that it can accommodate all existing fading distributions based on the estimate of
$\kappa$
and
$\mu$
. Hence, the localization can be performed for any fading environment. We derive the maximum likelihood estimate of the smart device location using a generic
${\kappa {-} \mu}$
fading model considering the Large and Small approximations of modified first-order Bessel function and propose an adaptive order selection method with high localization accuracy and faster convergence. We also analyze the convergence of the gradient ascent method for the
${\kappa {-} \mu}$
fading model. The proposed method is evaluated on a simulated
${\kappa {-} \mu}$
fading environment, real outdoor environment, and a complex indoor fading environment. The average localization errors are 2.07 m, 3.5 m, and 0.5 m, respectively, for the three experimental settings, outperforming the state-of-the-art localization methods in the presence of fading.