Coordinated Expansion Planning of EV Charging Stations and Transportation-Distribution Network with Mixed Traffic Flow

The massive penetration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) calls for an effective planning of the EV charging stations and transportation-distribution network. For the exiting papers do not consider the importance of mixed traffic flow of the transportation network, this paper conducts a bi-level planning model to minimize the total investment cost, travel cost of mixed traffic flow and distribution operation cost. The optimal planning includes sites and sizes of EV charging station, transportation road expansion and distribution network lines. The applications of the model and its algorithm are illustrated with numerical examples.