A Summary of Actual Maximum Approach Studies on EMF Compliance of 5G Radio Base Stations

For radio base stations enabling massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and beamforming technologies, using the highest possible power and gain values for all beams re-sult in a very unrealistic assessment of radio frequency (RF) elec-tromagnetic field (EMF) exposure. A more accurate approach, namely the actual maximum approach, has been developed in the past few years, recommended in international RF EMF exposure assessment standards and by regulatory bodies. In this paper, we summarize recent EMF research studies on this approach, including statistical modeling studies, measurement campaigns, and related applications, such as the usage of time-averaged power monitoring and control features.