Demand Response Based Optimally Enhanced Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Controller for Frequency Regulation in Smart Grid Environment

This article presents the impact of demand response (DR) on an identical restructured two-area power system considering communication latency. DR is emerging as a leading approachforthe future electric power system, ameliorating thesystem reliability and frequency stability. Each test area comprises a solar photovoltaic, wind turbine, bio-gas unit, traditional thermal power plant, and an asset of electric vehicles. In this article, a hybrid hierarchical DR control mechanism is developed by incorporating the inherent communication latency in the loop. The stability of the investigated system with and without DR is compared in terms of stability margin to illustrate the significance of DR on system stability. The quasi-oppositional Harris Hawks optimization technique is used to optimize the coefficients of the proposed hybrid two degree of freedom (proportional–integral–derivative) linear active disturbance rejection control (TDOF-LADRC). The proposed controller's efficacy in terms of system dynamics is contrasted with LADRC in order to examine its adequacy for the studied power system. Moreover, the practical feasibility of the proposed technique is demonstrated through experimental validation utilizing OPAL-RT-based real-time simulation followed with analysis.