Optimal Control of Active Cell Balancing: Extending the Range and Useful Lifetime of a Battery Pack

The range of electric vehicles (EV), especially those powered by aged battery packs, is partly limited by cell-to-cell imbalance, i.e., the weakest cell determines the performance of the entire battery pack. Active cell balancing can mitigate these differences, but balancing ad hoc discrepancies in voltage or state-of-charge (SoC) does not necessarily result in the best performance in terms of range. This brief employs a distributed feasibility approach to retrieve the maximum range and corresponding balancing currents for a specific scenario. Moreover, using aging data from literature and a real-time applicable model-predictive-controller, a lifetime projection is made on the benefits of active cell balancing, which shows that a significant extension of End-of-Life (EoL) is achieved, i.e., 10% for the considered example. Finally, we show when and why the applied balancing controller, which can effectively balance a battery pack using balancing currents with a maximum
$C$
-rate of only 1/
$50C$
, performs better than others in terms of maximizing the range.