Intensification of heating electrolyte solutions and electrode apparatus

A number of electrode apparatus constructions have been developed: heaters of immersed and flowing type, evaporating apparatus, desorbers, reactors. The electrode tubular heater of sulphuric acid is characterised by high specific power of 6-8 MW/m/sup 3/, is compact and its construction is simple. For heating caustic soda solutions in tank cars during winter we recommend to use an electrode installation having six tubular heating chambers. This installation gives the highest specific power of an electrode heating chamber up to 8 MW/m/sup 3/ and more, and can be used for heating electrolyte solutions having high values of electrical conduction. In evaporating electrode apparatus and desorbers the coefficient of useful transformation of electrical energy into thermal energy is 90-98%. The specific power of electrode heating chambers is 5 MW/m/sup 3/ and more. Especially effective are electrode heating chambers with narrowed interelectrode space, film apparatus, with a perforated partition or packing layer from dielectric with a diaphragm electric discharge in the processed solution.