63 fJ/bit heterogeneous III-V on Si modulator for the C band

Heterogeneous III-V on Si electro-optic Mach-Zehnder modulator with a
$p-i-n$
junction demonstrates
$V_{\pi}\cdot L$
of 3.4 V·mm, eye diagram opening up to 12 Gb/s, and small average energy per bit of 63 fJ/bit at 12 Gb/s. © 2022 The Author(s)